| Rank and unit | W/O, 311 Sqn |
| Role | Air Gunner |
| Died | † 21 August 1943, aged 33 |
| Buried / commemorated | Runnymede Memorial, England |
The Early Years
Vilém ‘Vilda’ Jakš was born on 25 April 1910 at Bratčice, a small village, some 10 miles south of Brno in the southern Moravia region of what was, after WW1, to become Czechoslovakia. Vilém was the eldest child of Josef and Růžena Jakš née Chmelíková who had a smallholding here. A year later their daughter, Maria, was born and then their second son Josef in 1913, and then another son in 1915. They lived in a simple working-class environment and the children never really knew their father as Josef was killed in WW1 on the Russian front in 1916. This caused further financial hardship for Růžena who was already struggling to support her family on the earnings from their smallholding. The family suffered a further blow when in 1919, their youngest son died from the Spanish Flu epidemic, the deadliest respiratory outbreak of the 20th century, which infected some 500 million people worldwide between February 1918 until April 1920 and resulted in the deaths of between 50 and 100 million people. Josef, their second son, also contracted Spanish Flu and survived but was left with lifelong health issues.
Vilém started elementary school at Bratčice in September 1918, but from an early age it was apparent that he had little interest in academic subjects. In September 1922 he continued his education at the state school at Dolní Kounice, about 3 miles away, but, as before, there he achieved little academically, but did excel in physical education.. His lack of academic proficiency was not helped by having to work on the family smallholding at the expense of attending school.
Like many young men of that period, Vilém became involved in sport through athletic clubs and by being an active member of Sokol, a national organisation with a patriotic ethos that trained young people in physical fitness, discipline and civic duty. During this time, Vilém and Josef were guided by Růžena’s brother Jan Chmelík, who owned an upholstery business in Prague. In mid 1920, the two boys moved to Prague to become apprentices in Jan’s upholstery business.
The family struggled to make ends meet even in the post-war years, which is why Vilda and her younger brother Jožka also accepted their uncle’s offer to train as upholsterers in Prague.Like many young men of that period, Vilém became involved in sport through athletic clubs and by being an active member of Sokol, a national organisation with a patriotic ethos that trained young people in physical fitness, discipline and civic duty. During this time, Vilém and Josef were guided by Růžena’s brother Jan Chmelík, who owned an upholstery business in Prague. In mid 1920, the two boys moved to Prague to become apprentices in Jan’s upholstery business.
Boxing
In Prague, Vilém continued his boxing at the Ursus Nusle, a well-known boxing club based in the Nusle district of Prague, becoming one of its key members and also at the Prague Český lev boxing club during his early career. By 1929, experts in the boxing circles began to notice the boxing skills of the nineteen-year-old Vilém. They saw a talented young man who soon won the amateur Czechoslovak welterweight champion, made it to the national team and by 1932, Vilém had turned professional. He was noted for having fast footwork and a warrior spirit. However, after four fights, his career had to go on hold as he went for his military service.
During 1932 to 1933, Vilém had also joined the MML [Masarykova letecká liga – Masaryk Aviation League], a Czechoslovak government initiative to prepare a reserve of trained airmen for national defence. The MLL deliberately blended sport, patriotism, and aviation to promote aviation among the Czechoslovak public.
Military Service
On 1 October 1932, Vilém was called up to undertake his compulsory military service. He enlisted in Brno and was assigned to the 81st squadron of the 5th Aviation Regiment who were deployed at Brno airbase. There he undertook his military training and was assigned to the NCO school at Kbely airbase at Prague. On 29 March 1934, he had completed his military service, achieving the rank of svobodnik [Private] and returned to civilian life but, as was customary, as a reservist in the military.
Professional Boxer
Now back from his military service, Vilém returned to Prague to continue his career as a professional boxer. As boxing was one of the most watched sports at that time in Europe, his popularity in his homeland quickly grew. His skill and determination brought him victories not only in his homeland but elsewhere in Europe which resulted in him becoming a respected celebrity. Between 1933 and 1936 he was the Czechoslovak middleweight champion.
In February 1935 he fought the Spaniard Alvaro Santos in Paris. In the first round Vilém went down three times, but he didn’t give up and continued to defeat the Spaniard. In addition to winning the fight, his grit and prowess endeared him to the enthusiastic French audience.
World Title Fight
As a professional boxer he had fought 28 times, winning them all! With a such a string of victories, it inevitably that Vilém was given the opportunity to fight for the world middleweight title, making him the first Czechoslovak boxer to do so.
That fight took place at the Palais des Sports in Paris on 4 May 1935 against Marcel Thil from France who was known for his durable and rugged fighting style and is widely regarded as one of France’s greatest boxers. At the time of this fight Thil, aged 30, was widely considered Europe’s dominant middleweight boxer, having won the world title in 1932. By the time of his fight with 25 year old Vilém, Thil had achieved 98 wins, 48 by knock-out, 19 losses and 10 draws as a professional boxer. Thus this fight was a major international event to the boxing fraternity and was scheduled for 15 rounds.
The fight started well for Vilém, who led for the first three rounds, drew in the fourth, but then Thil changed tactics, going for close body shots and subsequently led for the remaining rounds. In the ninth round, Vilém went down for the first time after a blow to the head. But he continued and in the following round he sent Thil to the floor. Despite the Frenchman being the local hero, Vilém was applauded by twenty thousand spectators. However, the fight was not over. In the 13th round, Vilém received a blow to the body, which floored him, but he recovered. By then it was apparent to all that the fight was under the control of the more experienced Thil. In the next round, Vilém was floored twice but he recovered each time to continue. Later in that round, he was floored for the third time, he tried to get to his feet, but on the count of nine, Krassowski, his manager threw in the towel to stop the fight.
The enthusiastic audience nevertheless carried the loser out of the ring on their shoulders. “Jakš is a great fist fighter and has a bright future ahead of him,” the magnanimous Thil said in tribute to his opponent. The Paris Soir, France’s most popular daily newspaper, wrote of the fight that Vilém had fought like a lion with an admirable heart.
The disappointed Vilém, whose 26-fight unbeaten streak had just ended with this fight, longed for a rematch. However, for various reasons, it never happened.
Vilém had his last fight on 4 June 1936 in Lisbon, Portugal where he lost, on points, to local champion Antonio Rodrigues and it was the last time the world would see him in a boxing ring. In his short career, Vilém had achieved 30 wins, 5 by knock-outs, 6 draws and lost 7 times, one by knock out. He achieved most of his wins – 26 of them in his early professional career, before losing for the first time to Marcel Thil and only winning four more fights after that.
Thus Vilém was considered one of the most famous Czechoslovak professional boxers who competed at a world-class level.
After the Fight
From the Autumn of 1936, Vilém lived permanently in Paris where, as a member of the Parisian social elite he lived a sociable and luxurious lifestyle as a revered sports celebrity. One of his many friends was the Hungarian film actress and model Käthe von Nagy, who was one of Europe’s most famous actresses.
In the mid-1930s they were both involved in a serious car crash in France. While they survived the crash, Vilém suffered a severe injury to his right arm, which was critical for his boxing power. He was released from hospital after only a few days but ordered by the doctors not to train for about three months. Although he eventually recovered enough to rejoin the ring, he was never able to regain his world-class form or the legendary punching power upon which he had built his reputation. Despite offers to resume major fights – including the defence of his Czechoslovak middleweight title – he never returned to elite professional boxing. Following the crash, Vilém essentially retired from top-tier professional boxing. The couple spent the following years in luxury between Paris and Käthe’s villa on the French Riviera, where they lived as high-profile celebrity couple socialising amongst film stars and he even appeared in film social circles through her connections.
The rise of Hitler and his Nazi party in neighbouring Germany since the early 1930s was starting to cause alarm amongst some of the European leaders and others. Vilém, forever a patriot to his homeland and one of the most famous and most successful Czechoslovak sportsmen of his era, publicly called on all Czechoslovak sportsmen to support the defence of their homeland. Another of his patriotic initiatives was, with others, calling on professional Czechoslovak boxers to donate some of their prize money to help fund the purchase of a fighter aircraft for the Czechoslovak Air Force.
Mobilisation
The build-up of military forces by Nazi Germany along the Czechoslovak borders caused the Czechoslovak government to declare a partial mobilisation, on 20 May 1938, to counter that threat. Later that year, the aggressive overtures by neighbouring Nazi Germany regarding the Sudeten regions – the German speaking areas – of Czechoslovakia caused the Czechoslovak Government to again declare a mobilisation on 23 September 1938.
With war clouds were gathering over Europe, it was a tense time for Czechoslovakia as it was preparing to defend itself against a possible German attack. As he was a reservist in the military, Vilém returned from Paris in the summer of 1938, and on 29 September was recalled to his former unit for the September mobilisation.
Munich Dictat
Despite assurances given by Hitler at the Munich Agreement, also known in Czechoslovakia as the ‘Munich Dictat’ or ‘Munich Betrayal’, of 30 September 1938, that he had no further interest in territorial gains for Germany, just a few months later Hitler extended his demands that the remaining regions of Czechoslovakia become part of Germany.
Following the Munich Agreement, when the Sudetenland was ceded to Germany, Poland and Hungary also took some Czechoslovak territory. About 30% of Czechoslovakian territory had been lost, which included its border defences, and the new revised German border was now only some 30 km from Prague. Vilém was one of the many Czechoslovaks who had difficulties in coming to terms with this agreement.
German Occupation
The Germans occupied Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939. Under pressure, Emil Hácha, the Czechoslovak President, had acceded to their demands. In the early hours of 15 March 1939, he had ordered all Czechoslovak military units to stand down, remain in their barracks and not resist the occupation. By dawn that day, the Germans began their occupation of Czechoslovakia. Germanisation of Bohemia and Moravia began immediately; they were now the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren), while Slovakia, in return for its allegiance to Nazi Germany, had become the puppet ‘independent’ state of Slovakia.
Within a few days of their occupation, many of the serving Czechoslovak Air Force personnel were offered the opportunity to join the Luftwaffe – only a handful accepted the offer, resulting in the Air Force being quickly disbanded by the Germans and all personnel dismissed. The same fate befell most of those serving in the Czechoslovak Army. For the military personnel and many patriotic Czech citizens, this was a degrading period. Vilém openly expressed his disagreement with the occupation and made no secret of his hatred of fascism. He wanted to redress this shame and humiliation and sought the liberation of his homeland.
Resistance
Germanisation of Bohemia and Moravia had begun immediately But, just four days later, internal resistance organisations were being established. On 19 March 1939, former Senior officers of the now-disbanded Czechoslovak military had started to form an underground army, known as Obrana Národa [Defence of the Nation]. Obrana Národa also worked in co-operation with Svaz Letců, the Airman Association of the Czechoslovak Republic. One of their objectives was to assist as many airmen and soldiers as possible to get to neighbouring Poland, where they could be formed into military units to fight for the liberation of their homeland. These two organisations provided money, a courier and other assistance to enable airmen to escape to Poland. Usually, this was by crossing the border near Ostrava, via the Těšín area, the Czechoslovak border region which had been occupied by the Poles following the 1938 Munich Agreement. However, Vilém’s route to France was quite different.
To France
Although Vilém was no longer a professional boxer, he used his former contacts in the Czechoslovak U.B.P. [Unie profesionálního boxu – Union of Professional Boxers] and of their International Secretary František Taussig and Treasurer František Tlapák, and covertly obtained a confirmation for a trip to Rome, Italy for an exhibition boxing match The purpose of this was to strengthen the mutual alliance between the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the friendly fascist Italy. Vilém left Czechoslovakia on 9 February 1940 to Rome by express train.
On arrival at Rome, he changed trains and went to Venice then by ship to Trieste, then by train to Ljubljana and Belgrade in Yugoslavia. There he reported for duty at the Czechoslovak Consulate and was issued with French travel documents and with other Czechoslovak escapees, proceeded down the ‘Balkan Route’ – the escape route to France. However, by now this route was also known to the Gestapo – Geheime Staatspolizei the secret police of Nazi Germany -who had agents and informers along this route to inform about the Czechoslovak escapees. From there, they travelled by train to Thessaloniki, a Greek port on the Aegean Sea, there they boarded a ship and sailed through the Dardanelle Straits to Istanbul, Turkey. From there overland by train to Ankara, then on to Aleppo in Syria, then Beirut on the Mediterranean coast of Lebanon. From there, with other Czechoslovak escapees, they boarded the SS Ville d’Amiens, a 6,750 ton passenger–cargo liner operated by Messageries Maritimes, the French state-linked shipping line, for the 10 day voyage, via Alexandria, Egypt, around Italy, then through the straits of Messina to the French port of Marseilles arriving there on 30 March 1940. The complicated journey had taken 49 days.
France
From there, Vilém was taken to the Czechoslovak military transit camp at Agde, about 220 km West of Marseille, where they reported for duty with the Air Force contingent there on 6 March 1940. Despite poor conditions and insufficient equipment, military training was carried out in the camp, but everything was soon to change on 10 May.
The relative calm of the Phoney War ended at 05:35 on 10 May 1940 when Germany launched Fall Gelb – the invasion of Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. In France they came through the dense Ardennes Forest to skirt around the main defence of the Maginot line and swept Northwards towards the English Channel. The Battle of France had begun.
On 15 May 1940, the Czechoslovak Air Force contingent under the command of Staff-Capitan Josef Schejbal were transferred to Base Aérienne 106 Bordeaux – Mérignac, the l’Armée de l’Air airbase by the French Atlantic coast, 230 miles north west of Agde.
However, the lightning speed and ferocity of the German Blitzkrieg attack caused the l’Armée de l’Air units to rapidly retreat westwards. Between 28 May and 4 June, some 338,000 personnel from the British Expeditionary Force as well as French and Belgium military had been evacuated from Dunkirk – Operation Dynamo. The Allies realised that the war on mainland France was lost and the priority now was evacuation.
Operation Aerial
On 13 June 1940, with the French capitulation imminent, Vilém and the other Czechoslovak airmen were released from l’Armée de l’Air service. Since 15 June, ports in Western France had been used for escape from France. To be in this evacuation, the Czechoslovaks had to make their way to Bordeaux, on the French Atlantic coast, before the Germans reached there. With other Czechoslovak airmen from Agde, Vilém reached Bordeaux.
At Bordeaux, 89 Czechoslovak airmen, under the command of Staff-Capitan Alexander Hess, as well as about 300 Polish airmen and other nationalities, boarded the ship ‘Ary Schaeffer’. This small Dutch cargo ship provided cramped conditions for all onboard, and sailed at 13:30 on 19 June to England. The route from Bordeaux harbour down the Gironde River to the Atlantic was precarious as the Luftwaffe had been dropping sea mines along it in an attempt to thwart any ship departures. Whilst the French Army had managed to clear a narrow strip through which evacuation ships were able to navigate along to the Atlantic, it was slow and subjected not only to aerial attacks from the Luftwaffe but also from German Wehrmacht army units who had reached some stretches of the river’s northern banks. The ‘Ary Schaeffer’ safely reached the mouth of the river and after a prolonged voyage far out into the Atlantic, to avoid U-Boats and Luftwaffe attacks, before changing course East to Falmouth, they arrived four days later at Falmouth, England.
It was good timing as on the following day, 22 June 1940, France capitulated and the Armistice was signed. In the period from June to August 1940, 932 Czechoslovak airmen managed to be evacuated from France and get to England. Operation Aerial was concluded on 25 June.
RAF
After their arrival, the Czechoslovak airmen were transferred to RAF Innsworth, Gloucestershire, for security vetting. On 12 July 1940, Vilém was accepted into the RAF at its lowest rank of AC2 and was transferred to No. 2 SoTT [No 2 School of Technical Training] at RAF Cosford for training as an air gunner and to take elementary English lessons.
To 311 Sqn
On 29 July 1940 he was posted to the newly formed 311 Sqn who were deployed at RAF Honington, some 7 miles north of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, becoming one of its founding members
The squadron was in No.3 Group of RAF Bomber Command, and equipped with Vickers Wellington twin-engine medium-range bombers. Initially the squadron was jointly commanded by Wing Commander Karel Mareš (who chose to change his surname to Toman to protect family and relatives who remained in the former Czechoslovakia), together with Wing Commander John Griffiths DFC, a Canadian serving in the RAF. Its role at that time was bombing raids on the Channel ports to thwart the build-up of landing barges that the Germans were assembling there in anticipation of invading England. They also targeted the railway marshalling yards in northern occupied Belgium and France to frustrate the movement of the German Wehrmacht to those Channel ports.
In WW2, the standard operational tour for a RAF Bomber Command crew was 30 completed operational sorties. But by 1941, the odds of surviving a full tour were slim, and statistically only 1 in 6 were expected to complete their first tour without being shot down and killed or captured.
The squadron’s first operational sorties were carried out on the night of the 10 September 1940, when three crews took off from RAF Honington to attack the railway marshalling yards near Brussels from a height of 700 feet. Vilém was front gunner in Wellington P9235, Captained by Sgt Václav KORDA, take-off from RAF Honington at 20:05 and returned there at 23:25, a flight of 3hrs and 20 min. There were no losses that night with the other two aircraft returning safely.
On 28 October Vilém was promoted to the rank of Sgt. By 26 April 1941, he had made a total of 18 operational flights while 311 Sqn was in RAF Bomber Command, totalling 86 hours and 54 min. Targets had included the French harbours of Boulogne, Brest, Calais and Le Havre and also Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Emden, Gelsenkirchen, Hamburg, Keil and Wilmshaven in Germany. The first seven of those flights were as front gunner, the remainder as rear gunner.
Instructor
On 16 July 1941, Vilém was posted to No 2 SFTS [No 2 Service Flying Training School] at RAF Brize Norton, some 65 miles north-west of London, as a gunnery instructor. Whilst there, he was promoted to the rank of F/Sgt on 1 September 1941. His next posting, on 6 June 1942 was to RAF St Athan, in South Wales, as a Physical Education instructor.
311 Sqn to RAF Coastal Command
311 Squadron had been transferred from RAF Bomber Command to RAF Coastal Command in April 1942, because the loss rate of more than 40% of its aircrew and with a very limited source of replacement aircrew, this meant it was unsustainable for the squadron to maintain bombing operations.
A new danger was now facing Britain, whose lifeline for its wartime survival was the convoys from North America bringing food and war materials to sustain its ability to fight the war. The German High Command identified this weak link for Britain, and as in WW1, sought to sink those supply ships by using submarines. To enable quick and easy access to the Atlantic, the Germans built submarine bases – heavily fortified concrete U-boat pens – in the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast of France, the main ones being at Lorient, Saint-Nazaire, La Rochelle and Brest, from where they sailed in pursuit of Allied convoys.
Whilst the Allies were able to protect these convoys with aircraft patrolling the Atlantic either from North America or Britain, the vast width of the Atlantic meant that the limited range of the aircraft resulted in there always being a central area of the Atlantic that could not be patrolled. This was the main area where the U-boats were able to intercept the convoys, with little fear of being attacked by Allied aircraft.
Thus, the Bay of Biscay became a primary area for RAF Coastal Command patrols where they flew around-the-clock patrols in anti-submarine sweeps in the search and engagement with U-boats returning from Atlantic patrols or those outbound for a new patrol. This was Operation Percussion, which operated off the south-west coast of France, comparatively close to the north coast of neutral Spain. They attacked U-boats attempting to leave or reach French ports by means of a surfaced transit of the Bay of Biscay.
Vilém returned to the squadron for operational duties on 18 June 1943, which was now deployed at RAF Talbenney, in South Wales. Eight days later, 311 Sqn redeployed to RAF Beaulieu in Hampshire where they were re-equipped with the American Consolidated B24 Liberator, four-engined aircraft with an operational range of 1,900 miles, and with a heavier load of ordinance, usually of depth charges or bombs. This was nearly double that carried by the Wellington, and was also able to carry eight RP-3, 60 lb rockets, a formidable weapon against surfaced submarines. This extended range now meant that patrols were now usually of 12 to 14 hour duration and covering an area of some 2000 nautical miles. During June and July the squadron retrained on these new aircraft.
By the middle of August, the squadron was deemed ready to resume operational status and the first anti-submarine sweep was organised. This took place on the 21st and involved the crews of 311 Sqn Commanding Officer, W/Cmdr Jindřich Breitcetl and Sqn/Ldr Václav Korda.
Fateful Flight
Unfortunately, the start of this new operational phase was to be marred, as Breitcetl’s Liberator BZ780 ‘O’ failed to return from a patrol in the Bay of Biscay. Captained by Breitcetl, its crew also included F/Lt František Fencl, second pilot, P/O Eduard Pavelka, navigator, Sgt Michal Pizur, wireless operator, P/O Emilián Mrázek, front gunner, F/Sgt Josef Halada and Sgt Josef Felkl, beam gunners, with Vilém rear gunner. Take-off from RAF Beaulieu was at 09:47. Its last known position was at 18:19 on their return, some 136 miles west northwest of Brest or 80 miles south west of the Scilly Isles and no further radio contact was received from BZ780. At the time the reason for the disappearance of Liberator BZ780 ‘O’ was not known, but it was thought to have been lost in combat with enemy long-range fighters over the Bay of Biscay as two German messages of ‘attacking’ were intercepted.
Despite aerial searches, the following day, of BZ780’s last known position, no sign of any survivors, or wreckage were found. All the crew are commemorated on the panels at the Air Force Memorial at Runnymede.
W/O Vilém Jakš is named on panel 134, he was 33 years old.
Vilém is one of the handful of professional boxers who fought for a world title and died during WW2. Sadly, his next promotion to W/O came through that same day.
Post WW2 research into Luftwaffe archives reveal that a patrol of Luftwaffe twin-engined, two-seat Me110G-2, long range fighters from II.ZG1 [Zerstörergeschwader 1] operating from Brest were in that area at that time. At approximately 18:20 UK time at a position corresponding to the last known position of BZ780, the patrol engaged with the Liberator. One, flown by Oberfeldwebel Lothar Uhlig carried out two attacks on a Liberator and was credited with the victory, expending 400 rounds of 20 mm canon and 800 rounds of 7.92 mm machine gun ammunition during the combat.
A second Me110, No.6406 SG+GN, from the same unit failed to return to base from that patrol and it is believed that it was shot down by the gunners from BZ780. Its crew were Unteroffizier Georg Planer and Unteroffizier Horst Hofman.
Oberleutnant Gottfried Kayll of 5./ZG 1, the unit’s commander, describes the loss in question: “On 21 August 1943, at around 6:00 p.m., I took off with my Bf 110 Schwarm for a free hunt over the Atlantic,”. “Around 7:20 p.m., we spotted a Liberator at an altitude of about 400 metres. I attacked it from the front, from below on the left, and after the first attack, I skimmed it to the left in the direction of its flight. Unteroffizier Planer was flying with me as number 2. Suddenly, my radio operator Feldwebel Fuchs shouted: ‘Unteroffizier Planer has crashed!’ I turned around and saw only a burning spot in the waves. I flew to the crash site, away from the burning wreckage, but did not see I did not see anyone who managed to leave the plane. At the time of the crash we were at an altitude of around 150 metres. It must be assumed with certainty that the crew of the Unteroffizier Planer – Unteroffizier Hoffmann died a heroic death.”
Vilém was not the only Jaks family loss of WW2, his brother Josef, died at Mauthausen concentration camp on 13 March 1942, following his arrest by the Gestapo for pro- Communist activities.
Medals
1939 – 45 Star
Atlantic Star
Air Crew Europe Star
Válečný kříž 1939
Za chrabrost
Za zásluhy I.stupně
Pamětní medaile se štítky F–VB
Remembered
Czech Republic:
Bratčice
house
Bratčice
family plot
Hradištko
memorial
Prague 1 – Klárov:
In November 2017, his name, along with the names of 2533 other Czechoslovak men and women who had served in the RAF during WW2, was unveiled at the Winged Lion Monument at Klárov, Prague.
Prague 1 – St Vitus Cathedral:
He is remembered in the Remembrance book at St Vitus Cathedral, Hradčany, Prague.
Prague 3 – The Army Museum:
He is remembered on the Memorial Plaque at the Military History Institute, at Žižkov Prague.
Prague 6 – Dejvice:
He is named on the Memorial for the fallen Czechoslovak airmen of 1939-1945, at Dejvice, Prague 6.
Great Britain:
London – St Clement Danes:
Vilém Jakš is remembered in the Remembrance book at St Clements Danes Church, London.
London – West Hampstead:
He is remembered on the Memorial Plaque at the Bohemia House, he former Czechoslovak National House, at West Hampstead, London.
Runnymede – Air Forces Memorial:
W/O Vilém Jakš is commemorated on panel 134 at the Runnymede Air Forces Memorial, Surrey.
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